Questions On Spinal Cord Injury - 802 Words

I. Spinal cord injury, Stoke, TBI A. Goal: 1. Regain functional gait through partial weight-bearing therapy. B. Method: 1. Initial removal of 40% of patients body weight until patient exhibits gait symmetry on treadmill 2. Increase body weight patient must ambulate with on treadmill with symmetry in gait until a reduction of 20% has been achieved 3. Patient is now able to ambulate on treadmill with gait symmetry at 20 % body weight reduction; speed may be increased to develop functional step speed and length. C. Results and Benefits: 1. Rehabilitation may begin as early as one month following injury. 2. Improved gait is achieved in an upright and fully supported position through the repetitive and rhythmic movements 3. Better recovery of ambulation with effects transferred to improved over ground walking speed, endurance, and physical assistance required to walk 4. When compared, stroke patients who received partial weight unloading resulted in better walking abilities. 5. Non-ambulatory stroke patients were able to regain the ability to walk following a regimen using a PWBS. II. Parkinson’s Disease A. Goal: 1. Regain functional gait through partial weight-bearing therapy. B. Method: 1. Initial removal of 40 % of patients body weight 2. While suspended at 40% unloaded, patients may begin to perform weight shifting exercises, helping develop balance and gait 3. Audio and visual cues may be initiated by the therapist to aide in retraining of temporal and spatial deficits C.Show MoreRelatedSpinal Cord Injury Essay example978 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: SPINAL CORD INJURY Spinal Cord Injury Shannon G. Johnston, RN, CEN Liberty University Abstract There are many types of spinal cord injuries (SCI). Patients with SCI can symptoms that range from mild neurologic impairment (such as numbness and tingling of extremities or neck pain) to devastating total body paralysis depending on the extent of damage and where in the spinal cord the damage occurs. 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Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs), as their name suggest, are derived from the inner cell mass from anRead MoreThe Effects Of Employment Status At 2 Years Post Discharge From Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation896 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Predicting Employment Status at 2 Years’ Post-discharge From Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation† is a research article written by Gregory C. Murphy, James Middleton, Ruth Quirk, Annelies De Wolf, and Ian D. Cameron published by Rehabilitation Psychology. This essay summarizes the investigation on the prediction of employment status at 2 years’ post discharge from spinal cord injury rehabilitation by analyzing information in order to establish facts and reach a result. 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You must get all parts correct to get credit for the question * Please note that although you do not hand in items in observations, it is very important to do these as you may see some of these items on future/associated lab quizzes or be asked about some of these concepts on unit assignments. Step 1:Read MoreQuestions On Urinary Tract Infections Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesQuestions 1. Explain what a UTI is and list some characteristics associated with the diagnosis. Address the physical, social, cognitive, psychological/emotional domains. Include content on why a UTI is dangerous for an individual with a SCI. A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of the urinary tract that is usually caused by bacteria in the urinary tract. Often the bacteria that causes a UTI is E. Coli. The urinary tract consists of the two kidney, ureters, the bladder, and a urethraRead MoreSports Therapy And Rehabilitation Services2100 Words   |  9 Pagesof spinal cord injuries. 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The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Seventeen Free Essays

string(81) " had no intention of exchanging another word with her once this was all through\." Five days later, at sea This was not the first time Jack had crossed the Irish Sea. It was not even the second or the third. He wondered if the unease would ever leave him, if he would someday be able to look down at the dark, swirling waters below and not think of his father slipping beneath the surface, meeting his death. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Seventeen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even before he had met the Cavendishes, when his father was just a wispy figment in his mind, he’d disliked this crossing. And yet here he stood. At the railing. He could not seem to help himself. He could not be on the water and not look out. Out, and then down. It was a gentle voyage this time, although that did little to comfort him. It was not that he feared for his own safety. It was just that it all felt so morbid, skimming atop his father’s grave. He wanted it done. He wanted to be back on land. Even, he supposed, if that land was Ireland. The last time he’d been home†¦ Jack pinched his lips together, and then he pinched his eyes shut. The last time he had been home was to bring back Arthur’s body. It was the hardest thing he’d ever done. Not just because his heart had broken anew with every mile, and not even because he’d dreaded his arrival at home. How could he face his aunt and uncle, delivering to them their dead son? As if all that hadn’t been enough, it was damned hard to move a body from France to England to Ireland. He’d had to find a coffin, which was surprisingly difficult in the middle of a war. â€Å"Supply and demand,† one of his friends told him after their first unsuccessful attempt to obtain a coffin. There were a lot of dead bodies strewn about. Coffins were the ultimate luxury on a battlefield. But he had persisted, and he’d followed to the letter the directions he’d been given by the undertaker, filling the wooden coffin with sawdust and sealing it with tar. Even then the smell eventually seeped through, and by the time he reached Ireland, no driver would take the cargo. He’d had to buy his own wagon to get his cousin home. The journey had disrupted his own life, too. The army refused his request to be allowed to move the body, and he was forced to sell off his commission. It was a small price to pay, to be able to do this one last service for his family. But it had meant that he’d had to leave a position for which he was – finally – a perfect fit. School had been a misery, failure after failure. He’d muddled through, mostly with help from Arthur, who, seeing his struggles, had come quietly to his aid. But university – good God, he still could not believe he’d been encouraged to go. He had known it would be a disaster, but Portora Royal boys went on to university. It was as simple as that. But Arthur was a year behind, and without him, Jack didn’t have a prayer. Failure would have been too mortifying, so he got himself booted out. Not that it took much imagination to find ways to behave in a manner unbecoming of a Trinity College student. He had returned home, supposedly in disgrace, and it was decided that he might do well in the army. So off he went. It had been a perfect fit. Finally, a place he could succeed and thrive without books and papers and quills. It wasn’t that he was unintelligent. It was just that he hated books and papers and quills. They gave him a headache. But that was all over, and now here he was, on his way back to Ireland for the first time since Arthur’s funeral service, and he might be the Duke of Wyndham, which would ensure him a bloody lifetime of books and papers and quills. And headaches. He glanced off to his left and saw Thomas standing by the bow with Amelia. He was pointing toward something – probably a bird, since Jack could not see anything else of interest. Amelia was smiling, perhaps not broadly, but enough at least to ease some of the guilt Jack was feeling about the scene back at Belgrave when he had refused to marry her. It wasn’t as if he could have done anything else. Did they really think he would roll over and say, Oh, yes, give me anyone! I’ll just show up at the church and be grateful. Not that there was anything wrong with Lady Amelia. In fact, one could (and probably would) do much worse, if one were to be forced into marriage. And if he hadn’t met Grace†¦ He might have been willing to do it. He heard someone approaching, and when he turned, there she was, as if summoned by his thoughts. She’d left off her bonnet, and her dark hair was ruffling in the breeze. â€Å"It’s very pleasant out here,† she said, leaning against the railing next to him. He nodded. He had not seen much of her on the voyage. The dowager had elected to remain in her cabin, and Grace was required to attend to her. She did not complain, of course. She never complained, and in truth, he supposed she did not have reason to do so. It was her job, after all, to remain by the dowager’s side. Still, he could not imagine a less palatable position. And he knew he could never have lasted in the post. Soon, he thought. Soon she would be free. They would be married, and Grace would never have to even see the dowager again if that was her desire. Jack did not care if the old bat was his grandmother. She was unkind, selfish, and he had no intention of exchanging another word with her once this was all through. You read "The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Seventeen" in category "Essay examples" If he turned out to be the duke, he would damn well buy that farm in the Outer Hebrides and send her packing. And if he wasn’t, he planned to take Grace by the hand, lead her from Belgrave and never look back. It was a rather happy dream, to tell the truth. Grace looked down, watching the water. â€Å"Isn’t it strange,† she mused, â€Å"how quickly it seems to move by.† Jack glanced up at the sail. â€Å"It is a good wind.† â€Å"I know. It makes perfect sense, of course.† She looked up and smiled. â€Å"It is just that I have never been on a boat before.† â€Å"Never?† It did seem difficult to imagine. She shook her head. â€Å"Not like this. My parents took me out rowing on a lake once, but that was just for merry.† She looked back down. â€Å"I have never seen water rushing by like this. It makes me wish I could lean down and dip my fingers in.† â€Å"It’s cold,† Jack said. â€Å"Well, yes, of course.† She leaned out, her throat arching as she seemed to catch the wind on her face. â€Å"But I’d still like to touch it.† He shrugged. He ought to be more voluble, especially with her, but he thought he could see the first hint of land on the horizon, and his belly was clenching and twisting. â€Å"Are you all right?† Grace asked. â€Å"I’m fine.† â€Å"You look a bit green. Are you seasick?† He wished. He never got seasick. He was landsick. He didn’t want to go back. He’d woken up in the middle of the night, stuck down in his small berth, clammy with sweat. He had to go back. He knew he did. But that didn’t mean a very large part of him didn’t want to turn coward and flee. He heard Grace’s breath catch, and when he looked at her, she was pointing out, her face alight with excitement. It was quite possibly the most beautiful thing he’d ever seen. â€Å"Is that Dublin?† she asked. â€Å"Over there?† He nodded. â€Å"The port. The town proper is a bit farther in.† She craned her neck, which would have been amusing had he not been in such a wretched mood. There was no way she could have seen anything from this distance. â€Å"I’ve heard it is a charming city,† she said. â€Å"There is much to entertain.† â€Å"It’s a pity. I don’t expect we shall be spending much time there.† â€Å"No. The dowager is eager to be on her way.† â€Å"Aren’t you?† she asked. At that, he took a breath and rubbed his eyes. He was tired, and he was nervous, and it felt as if he was being delivered to his downfall. â€Å"No,† he said. â€Å"To be honest, I’d be quite happy to stay right here, on this boat, at this railing, for the rest of my life.† Grace turned to him with somber eyes. â€Å"With you,† he said softly. â€Å"Here at this railing, with you.† He looked back out. The port of Dublin was more than a speck on the horizon now. Soon he would be able to make out buildings and ships. Off to his left he could hear Thomas and Amelia chatting. They were pointing out over the water, too, watching the port as it seemed to grow before their eyes. Jack swallowed. The knot in his stomach was growing as well. Good God, it was almost funny. Here he was, back in Ireland, forced to face his family, whom he’d failed so many years before. And if that weren’t bad enough, he could very well find himself named the Duke of Wyndham, a position for which he was uniquely unqualified. And then, because no injury should ever be without insult, he had to do it all in the company of the dowager. He wanted to laugh. It was funny. It had to be funny. If it wasn’t funny, then he’d have to bloody well go and cry. But he couldn’t seem to laugh. He looked out at Dublin, looming larger in the distance. It was too late for laughter. Several hours later, at the Queen’s Arms, Dublin â€Å"It is not too late!† â€Å"Ma’am,† Grace said, trying to be as calm and soothing as she could, â€Å"it is past seven. We are all tired and hungry, and the roads are dark and unknown to us.† â€Å"Not to him,† the dowager snapped, jerking her head toward Jack. â€Å"I am tired and hungry,† Jack snapped right back, â€Å"and thanks to you, I no longer travel the roads by moonlight.† Grace bit her lip. They had been traveling over three days now, and one could almost chart the progress of their journey by the shortness of his temper. Every mile that brought them closer to Ireland had taken a notch out of his patience. He’d grown silent and withdrawn, so wholly unlike the man she knew. The man she’d fallen in love with. They had reached the port of Dublin in the late afternoon, but by the time they collected their belongings and made their way into town, it was nearly time for supper. Grace had not eaten much on the sea journey, and now that she was back to standing on surfaces that did not pitch and roll beneath her, she was famished. The last thing she wanted was to press on toward Butlersbridge, the small village in County Cavan where Jack had grown up. But the dowager was being her argumentative self, so they were standing in the front room of the inn, all six of them, while she attempted to dictate the speed and direction of their journey. â€Å"Don’t you wish to have this matter settled, once and for all?† the dowager demanded of Jack. â€Å"Not really,† was his insolent response. â€Å"Certainly not as much as I want a slice of shepherd’s pie and a tankard of ale.† Jack turned to the rest of them, and Grace ached at the expression in his eyes. He was haunted. But by what, she could not guess. What demons awaited him here? Why had he gone so long between visits? He’d told her he had a lovely childhood, that he adored his adoptive family and would not have traded them for the world. Didn’t everyone wish for that? Didn’t he want to go home? Didn’t he understand how lucky he was to have a home to return to? Grace would have given anything for that. â€Å"Miss Eversleigh,† Jack said, with a courteous nod. â€Å"Lady Amelia.† The two ladies bobbed their curtsies as he departed. â€Å"I do believe he has the right idea of it,† Thomas murmured. â€Å"Supper sounds infinitely more appealing than a night on the roads.† The dowager whipped her head toward him and glared. â€Å"Not,† he said with an extremely dry look, â€Å"that I am attempting to delay the inevitable. Even soon-to-be-dispossessed dukes get hungry.† Lord Crowland laughed aloud at that. â€Å"He has you there, Augusta,† he said jovially, and wandered off to the taproom. â€Å"I shall take my supper in my room,† the dowager announced. Her tone was defiant, as if she expected someone to protest, but of course, no one did. â€Å"Miss Eversleigh,† she barked, â€Å"you may attend to me.† Grace sighed wearily and started to follow. â€Å"No,† Thomas said. The dowager froze. â€Å"No?† she echoed, all ice. Grace turned and looked at Thomas. What could he mean? There had been nothing unusual about the dowager’s order. Grace was her companion. This was exactly the sort of thing she had been hired to do. But Thomas stared down his grandmother, a tiny, subversive smile tugging at the corners of his mouth. â€Å"Grace will dine with us. In the dining room.† â€Å"She is my companion,† the dowager hissed. â€Å"Not anymore.† Grace held her breath as she watched the exchange. Matters between Thomas and his grandmother were never cordial, but this seemed to go quite beyond the usual. Thomas almost appeared to be enjoying himself. â€Å"As I have not yet been removed from my position,† he said, speaking slowly, clearly savoring each word, â€Å"I took the liberty of making a few last minute provisions.† â€Å"What the devil are you talking about?† the dowager demanded. â€Å"Grace,† Thomas said, turning to her with friendship and memories in his eyes, â€Å"you are officially relieved of your duties to my grandmother. When you return home, you will find a cottage deeded in your name, along with funds enough to provide an income for the rest of your life.† â€Å"Are you mad?† the dowager sputtered. Grace just stared at him in shock. â€Å"I should have done it long ago,† he said. â€Å"I was too selfish. I couldn’t bear the thought of living with her† – he jerked his head toward his grandmother – â€Å"without you there to act as a buffer.† â€Å"I don’t know what to say,† she whispered. â€Å"Normally, I’d advise ‘thank you,’ but as I am the one thanking you, a mere ‘You are a prince among men’ would suffice.† Grace managed a wobbly smile and whispered, â€Å"You are a prince among men.† â€Å"It is always lovely to hear it,† Thomas said. â€Å"Now, would you care to join the rest of us for supper?† Grace turned toward the dowager, who was red-faced with rage. â€Å"You grasping little whore,† she spat. â€Å"Do you think I don’t know what you are? Do you think I would allow you in my home again?† Grace stared at her in calm shock, then said, â€Å"I was about to say that I would offer you my assistance for the rest of the journey, since I would never dream of leaving a post without giving proper and courteous notice, but I believe I have reconsidered.† She turned to Amelia, holding her hands carefully at her sides. She was shaking. She was not sure if it was from shock or delight, but she was shaking. â€Å"May I share your room this evening?† she asked Amelia. Because certainly she was not going to remain with the dowager. â€Å"Of course,† Amelia replied promptly. She linked her arm through Grace’s. â€Å"Let us have some supper.† It was, Grace later decided, the finest shepherd’s pie she’d ever tasted. Several hours later, Grace was up in her room staring out the window while Amelia slept. Grace had tried to go to sleep, but her mind was still all abuzz over Thomas’s astounding act of generosity. Plus, she wondered where Jack had gone off to – he’d not been in the dining room when she and Thomas and Amelia arrived, and no one seemed to know what had happened to him. Plus plus, Amelia snored. Grace rather enjoyed the view of Dublin below. They were not in the city center, but the street was busy enough, with local folk going about their business, and plenty of travelers on their way into or out of the port. It was strange, this newfound sense of freedom. She still could not believe that she was here, sharing a bed with Amelia and not curled up on an uncomfortable chair at the dowager’s bedside. Supper had been a merry affair. Thomas was in remarkably good spirits, all things considered. He had not said anything more of his generous gift, but Grace knew why he’d done it. If Jack was found to be the true duke – and Thomas was convinced this would be the case – then she could not remain at Belgrave. To have her heart broken anew, every day for the rest of her life – that, she could not bear. Thomas knew that she’d fallen in love with Jack. She had not said so, not expressly, but he knew her well. He had to know. For him to act with such generosity, when she’d gone and fallen in love with the man who might very well be the cause of his downfall – It brought tears to her eyes every time she thought of it. And so now she was independent. An independent woman! She liked the sound of that. She would sleep until noon every day. She would read books. She would wallow in the sheer laziness of it all, at least for a few months, and then find something constructive to do with her time. A charity, perhaps. Or maybe she would learn to paint watercolors. It sounded decadent. It sounded perfect. And lonely. No, she decided firmly, she would find friends. She had many friends in the district. She was glad she would not be leaving Lincolnshire, even if it did mean that she might occasionally cross paths with Jack. Lincolnshire was home. She knew everyone, and they knew her, and her reputation would not be questioned, even if she did set up her own home. She would be able to live in peace and respectability. It would be a good thing. But lonely. No. Not lonely. She would have funds. She could go visit Elizabeth, who would be married to her earl in the South. She could join one of those women’s clubs her mother had so adored. They’d met every Tuesday afternoon, claiming they were there to discuss art and literature and the news of the day, but when the meetings were held at Sillsby, Grace had heard far too much laughter for those topics. She would not be lonely. She refused to be lonely. She looked back at Amelia, snoring away on the bed. Poor thing. Grace had often envied the Willoughby girls their secure places in society. They were daughters of an earl, with impeccable bloodlines and generous dowries. It was odd, really, that her future should now be so well-defined while Amelia’s was so murky. But she had come to realize that Amelia was no more in control of her own fate than she herself had been. Her father had chosen her husband before she could even speak, before he knew who she was, what she was like. How could he know, looking upon an infant of less than one year, whether she would be suited for life as a duchess? All of her life, Amelia had been stuck, waiting for Thomas to get around to marrying her. And even if she did not end up marrying either of the two Dukes of Wyndham, she’d still find herself obliged to follow her father’s dictates. Grace was turning back toward the window when she heard a noise in the hall. Footsteps, she decided. Male. And because she could not help herself, she hurried to her door, opened it a crack, and peered out. Jack. He looked rumpled and tired and achingly heartsick. He was squinting in the dark, trying to figure out which room was his. Grace-the-companion might have retreated back into her room, but Grace-the-woman-of-independent-means was somewhat more daring, and she stepped out, whispering his name. He looked up. His eyes flared, and Grace belatedly remembered that she was still in her nightgown. It was nothing remotely risque; in fact, she was far more covered than she would have been in an evening dress. Still, she hugged her arms to her body as she moved forward. â€Å"Where have you been?† she whispered. He shrugged. â€Å"Out and about. Visiting old haunts.† Something about his voice was unsettling. â€Å"Really?† she asked. â€Å"No.† He looked at her, then rubbed his eyes. â€Å"I was across the street. Having my shepherd’s pie.† She smiled. â€Å"And your pint of ale?† â€Å"Two, actually.† He smiled then, a sheepish, boyish thing that tried to banish the exhaustion from his face. â€Å"I missed it.† â€Å"Irish ale?† â€Å"The English stuff is pig swill by comparison.† Grace felt herself warming inside. There was humor in his eyes, the first she’d seen in days. And it was strange – she’d thought it would be torture to be near him, to be with him and hear his voice and see his smile. But all she felt now was happiness. And relief. She could not bear it when he was so unhappy. She needed for him to be him. Even if he could not be hers. â€Å"You should not be out here like this,† he said. â€Å"No.† She shook her head but did not move. He grimaced and looked down at his key. â€Å"I cannot find my room.† Grace took the key from him and peered at it. â€Å"Fourteen,† she said. She looked up. â€Å"The light is dim.† He nodded. â€Å"It is that way,† she told him, pointing down the hall. â€Å"I passed it on the way in.† â€Å"Is your room acceptable?† he asked. â€Å"Large enough for both you and the dowager?† Grace gasped. He did not know. She’d completely forgotten. He had already left when Thomas gave her the cottage. â€Å"I’m not with the dowager,† she said, unable to conceal all of her excitement. â€Å"I – â€Å" â€Å"Someone’s coming,† he whispered harshly, and indeed, she heard voices and footsteps on the stairs. He started to steer her back to her room. â€Å"No, I can’t.† She dug in her heels. â€Å"Amelia is there.† â€Å"Amelia? Why would she – † He muttered something under his breath and then yanked her along with him down the hall. Into Room 14. How to cite The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Seventeen, Essay examples

Clinical Risk Management in Hospitals

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Risk Management in Hospitals. Answer: Introduction The success of health system is dependent on delivery of safe and evidence-based care. But due to various disparities in the system, health organization fails to implement safe and evidenced based care both nationally and internationally. This report gives detail on a public inquiry into the Mid Staffordshire Trust. It answers the question posed in the two modules of clinical governance and quality and safety in relation to the selected trust. It mainly explains the factors that lead to system failure in Mid Staffordshire Trust. Module 1 The Mid Staffordshire trust came into news after hundreds of patients died in two hospitals because of substandard care and staff failure ("Mid Staffordshire Trust inquiry: how the care scandal unfolded", 2016).Clinical governance is essential in the health system which involves a system by which managers, clinicians and medical staff share responsibility and are accountable for minimizing risk and promoting an environment of excellence for patients (Ellis Johnson, 2013). But Mid Staffordshire Trust might have failed in clinical governance due to faulty system related to continuity of care and faulty execution of roles and responsibilities. The Mid Staffordshire Trust failed in its responsibility of providing quality and safe care to patients. Patients came to the hospital to be treated well with utmost care, but they were left starving and with soiled bedclothes. Patients would call nursing staff continuously, and nobody came to address their response. Doctors forgot about their role in Stafford hospital and decision to treat a patient was made by the receptionist. Everything was against the clinical governance framework which aggravated the problems of the patient in the hospital. Critically ill patients needed to be treated by an experienced physician, but they were put in charge of inexperienced junior doctors. The nurse at the hospital also lacked competency in handling medical equipment and they would off instrument abruptly. The situation was pathetic for patients and was a great risk to their lives. Instead of being an institution for the care of patients, it became a risky place for patients health. The failure by the health care staff to properly carry out their responsibility lead to loss of four members in one family and a newborn baby. Patients were left screaming with pain, and it was a shameful act by those who were supposed to provide relief to them ("Mid Staffordshire Trust inquiry: how the care scandal unfolded", 2016). The continuity of high standard care was compromised in the hospital because managers tried to cut cost and meet Labours central target. The wanted to achieve a foundation status for trust and in the quest of these things, they undermined the quality of care at the hospital. This was a serious offence and persons responsible for risking and harming lives of the patient will face fine and execution. The managers kept very few medical staff than required, and so there were never enough senior physicians to guide junior doctors. Certain targets were imposed on physicians and nurses, and failure to meet the target meant losing their jobs. There was also target to admit or discharge patients within four hours (Campbell, 2013). So doctors and nurse left critically ill patients and started treating minor patients in the emergency department to avoid breaching the four-hour time limit ("Mid Staffordshire Trust inquiry: how the care scandal unfolded", 2016). The integrity of care is also impo rtant in the hospital setting, but the nurse was asked to report falsely that they address patient complaint promptly than what was the actual scenario. This explains how continuity of care was breached at the hospital, and care at the hospital became appalling. Module 2 Some strategies that the Mid Staffordshire Trust could have implemented to prevent system failure are as follows: Credentiality: Credential can be maintained when a high quality clinical physician with required qualification and competency is present in health care organization (Coventry et al., 2014). Mid Stafford Shire Trust could have worked in this regard to have that physician and nurses who have updated knowledge about different treatment procedures. In hospital setting having an adequate number of staff to look after the needs of all kind of patients is important. It helps in the prompt delivery of care to patients with different ailments (Briner et al., 2013). The staffs at Mid Staffordshire trust breached the credentiality code by falsely reporting that they answer to patients call immediately. They were liable to failure in providing appropriate care. Instead of focusing on labor's target, they should have focused more on the competency of health care staff to provide a high standard of care. Reporting and acting- Systematic reporting and immediate actions in case of any complexities help in maintaining the quality of care. Staffs at Mid Staffordshire Trust left elderly and other patients agonizing with pain. But majority mistake was made by the provider trust board as they did not look after problems of patient or staff. They did not take any action regarding correction of deficiencies in the hospital. An ideal approach would have been to engage managers with the responsibility to promote that high standard of care and prioritizing complete recovery of a patient from their ailments (Harris, 2013). Accountability-The report on Mid Staffordshire Trust failure highlighted that they failed even to provide basic facilities required in health care. Patients who wanted relief immediately were left neglected whereas food and drinks were also not available to patients on time. Hygiene is crucial part of health care facility; even that was neglected at the hospital. They could have managed the situation by being accountable for the risk and strictly maintain hygiene and a basic standard of care (Huber, 2013). Instead of sacking staff for the four-hour target, their focus should be on minimizing the second visit to the hospital for same patients. The Trust could have focused on quality and arranging adequate resource for efficient delivery of care (Ovseiko et al., 2014). Focus on organizational performance- Mid Staffordshire Trust should have implemented strategies to promote discipline and alignment between hospitals objectives and risk activities. To improve performance, they should have identified threats and took the better decision to effective allocation of resources (Hopkin, 2014). Implementation of the above risk management strategy could have changed the outcome in Mid Staffordshire Trust as it would help in addressing issues of malpractice in the hospitals. It would have helped the trust to maintain a safe system of care designed to reduce adverse events in health care and improve the quality of care and competency in health care staff (Middleton et al., 2013). Conclusion Thus the report on public inquiry in to Mid Staffordshire Trust brought into the forefront grave issues of medical negligence that was present in the hospital. It highlighted the reasons and factors that lead to failure of the health system and many deaths in the hospital. Finally, through different strategies for risk management, it suggested ways that the trust could have taken to minimize risk and improve the quality of care. Reference Briner, M., Manser, T., Kessler, O. (2013). Clinical risk management in hospitals: strategy, central coordination and dialogue as key enablers.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice,19(2), 363-369. Campbell, D. (2013).Mid Staffs hospital scandal: the essential guide.the Guardian. Retrieved 17 August 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/feb/06/mid-staffs-hospital-scandal-guide Coventry, B. J., Hughes, C., Webb, R. (2014). Accreditation, Credentialing, Scope of Practice, and Outcome Evaluation. InGeneral Surgery Risk Reduction(pp. 317-336). Springer London. Ellis, B. W., Johnson, S. (2013). The care pathway: a tool to enhance clinical governance.Clinical Performance and Quality Healthcare. Harris, A. (2013). Risk management in practice: how are we managing?.Clinical Performance and Quality Healthcare. Hopkin, P. (2014).Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers. Huber, D. (2013).Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Mid Staffordshire Trust inquiry: how the care scandal unfolded. (2016).Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 17 August 2016, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/9851763/Mid-Staffordshire-Trust-inquiry-how-the-care-scandal-unfolded.html Middleton, B., Bloomrosen, M., Dente, M. A., Hashmat, B., Koppel, R., Overhage, J. M., ... Zhang, J. (2013). Enhancing patient safety and quality of care by improving the usability of electronic health record systems: recommendations from AMIA.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,20(e1), e2-e8. Ovseiko, P. V., Heitmueller, A., Allen, P., Davies, S. M., Wells, G., Ford, G. A., ... Buchan, A. M. (2014). Improving accountability through alignment: the role of academic health science centres and networks in England.BMC health services research,14(1), 1.

Leda and the Swan Essay Example

Leda and the Swan Essay The background of Yeats poem Leda and the Swan is both intricate and central to the development of Yeats poetic vision and his poetic voice. Although the original impetus for the poems composition, according to Yeats, was political, the poem as it evolved to completion concerns itself much more with myth and the human religious impulse than with overt political themes. However, a political interpretation of the poem, specifically one which takes as its departure point, the evident gender-specific themes and symbolic building-blocks of Yeats theme in the poem, can be readily extrapolated and provides an insight into the potential strengths and weaknesses of the poems theme and composition.The persistent political ramifications of the poem, as mentioned, began originally as Yeats response to a poem-by-request: I wrote Leda and the Swan because the editor of a political review asked me for a poem (Melchiori 77) and Yeats original vision for the poem was to create a work which refuted th e individualist, demagogic movement, founded by Hobbes and popularized by the Encyclopaedists and the French Revolution (Melchiori 77) and which sought to re-ignite a birth from above, preceded by some violent annunciation (Melchiori 77).   Although Yeats wandered considerably far from his original conception, the final version   of Leda and the Swan retains both of the key ideas of the original inspiration: a general theme of rebirth, and a theme of violent annunciation.   The first theme became less directly political or philosophical and emerged as a rebirth not of individualism, but of a mystical spiritualism, and the second theme, that of violent annunciation was projected, as we will shortly describe, onto gender-specific symbols. This projection of violence onto gender-based symbols carries the lions share of the poems political ramifications, at least for modern readers.Yeats, for a long period during his developing career had intuited, in his personal creative impuls e, a vague association between the swan image and the idea of the annunciation of a new cult, or a new civilization (Melchiori 99) and it was this urge, rather than a blatantly political urge, which ultimately found expression in Leda and the Swan.   However, in Yeats deepest imaginative core as a poet, he connected both personal destiny and epic historical events as being   produced by the conjunction and the conflict of human and animal forms (Melchiori 78). This schism or duality projects specific conclusions regarding the nature of humanity: The animal symbolizes not only the lowest physical impulses uncontrolled by reason [] but also the superhuman, transcendental powers (Melchiori 78) and as such the surrender to such dualistically charged powers re[resents a surrender to both potentially positive and potentially deranging influences. The key is that surrender rather than integration or harmonic convergence is indicated; violence is indicated, which in turn demands that th ere be a target for violence to be acted upon.Not surprisingly, Yeats inclination to rely upon the Leda and the Swan myth to find a scaffolding for his poem demanded that he adopt an overtly misogynistic point of view as the myth itself intrinsically deals with rape as an agency of rebirth adn empowerment.  Ã‚   Had Yeats chosen to express the myth ironically through a modern viewpoint which took into account the genuine socio-political ramifications and consequences of rape he might have turned the essentially misogyny of his theme to good purpose and to a political purpose which, in fact, would have served as a new vision of individualism and certainly one which stood in utter opposition to Hobbes. Instead, Yeats embraced the Leda and the Swan myth, rape and all, not only mythically but mystically and in doing so, forwarded a politically incorrect theme which can be read as both misogynistic and essentially dismissive of feminine capacity as a passive and incomplete impulse.To t he modern reader, lines such as A sudden blow: the great wings beating still/Above the staggering girl, her thighs caressed/By the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill,/He holds her helpless breast upon his breast (Yeats, 1-4) are not apt to signal, even in symbolist connotation, the birth of a new civilization which has been spawned by the violent cathartic influence of new myth.  Ã‚   That is what Yeats intended, that the symbols of the poem function as a series of revelations which announces an advent parallel to the birth of Christianity (Melchiori 276). Rather, the rape motif of the poem, rendered in such violent lines as:A shudder in the loins engenders there (Yeats, 9) or Being so caught up,/So mastered by the brute blood of the air, (Yeats, 12-13) is used to forward the quintessential patriarchal ideas of feminine energy (and actual womens bodies) being acted upon by force to initiate rebirth. This strategy equates women, both at the abstract and concrete level, with ut ter powerlessness and derives only a single purpose of femininity: that it be acted upon by male energy.In conclusion, because Yeats poem does, so explicitely miss the opportunity to re-envision the essentially misogynistic attributes of the Leda and the Swan myth, the poem, by definition, cannot be what Yeats intended it to be a poem which signaled the poets vision of a new age of myth and spiritual understanding. It is very difficult for the modern reader to conceive of any new myth of spiritual awakening on any significant cultural or historical level which did not include the absolutely natural eradication   of the very kind of misogyny which forms the central thematic core of Yeats celebrated sonnet.

s Paradox

Consumerism, Society’s Paradox! Consumerism, a term likely unfamiliar to many, describes a condition which dramatically impacts our very existence. Consumerism interferes with the workings of society by replacing the normal desire for an adequate supply of life’s necessities, community life, a stable family, and healthy relationships, with an artificial ongoing and instable quest for things and the money to buy them with little regard for the actual product purchased. Countless people, in many of the world’s industrialized nations, spend the vast majority of their lives toiling through mounds of work, all to achieve one common reward, Money. All of these hours are spent in the name of leisure or a better way of life yet this is the very experience that it deprives from us. To better understand the true cause and effect of this monster that is consumerism, we need to take a look at what it is. In a sense, consumerism is that new CD that you have got to buy or the new car that if you are not able to get, you simply will not be able to continue. When you desire a non-essential product marketed in the leisure arena, you contribute to the escalation of consumerism. The United States, with only six percent of the world’s total population, consumes in excess of thirty percent of its resources (Enough, Campaign). When you have something that you absolutely want, and the key word here is want, what do you do? The average person, when in such a situation, reacts by simply working longer hours or taking on some other type of work to supplement their income. This altered work style leads to the perpetuation of a materialistic society that rapidly forgets the fundamental values which civilization has been based on for many years. The age-old question is: ca n money buy you happiness? This is the fundamental subject that corporate America plays on in its drive to expand a dwindling market place. Consumers tend to underestimate the real pow... 's Paradox Free Essays on Consumerism, Society\'s Paradox Consumerism, Society’s Paradox! Consumerism, a term likely unfamiliar to many, describes a condition which dramatically impacts our very existence. Consumerism interferes with the workings of society by replacing the normal desire for an adequate supply of life’s necessities, community life, a stable family, and healthy relationships, with an artificial ongoing and instable quest for things and the money to buy them with little regard for the actual product purchased. Countless people, in many of the world’s industrialized nations, spend the vast majority of their lives toiling through mounds of work, all to achieve one common reward, Money. All of these hours are spent in the name of leisure or a better way of life yet this is the very experience that it deprives from us. To better understand the true cause and effect of this monster that is consumerism, we need to take a look at what it is. In a sense, consumerism is that new CD that you have got to buy or the new car that if you are not able to get, you simply will not be able to continue. When you desire a non-essential product marketed in the leisure arena, you contribute to the escalation of consumerism. The United States, with only six percent of the world’s total population, consumes in excess of thirty percent of its resources (Enough, Campaign). When you have something that you absolutely want, and the key word here is want, what do you do? The average person, when in such a situation, reacts by simply working longer hours or taking on some other type of work to supplement their income. This altered work style leads to the perpetuation of a materialistic society that rapidly forgets the fundamental values which civilization has been based on for many years. The age-old question is: ca n money buy you happiness? This is the fundamental subject that corporate America plays on in its drive to expand a dwindling market place. Consumers tend to underestimate the real pow...

What You Need to Know About Libel Laws

What You Need to Know About Libel Laws As a reporter, its crucial to understand the basics of libel and libel law. Generally speaking, the United States has the freest press in the world, as guaranteed by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. American journalists are generally free to pursue their reporting wherever it may take them, and to cover topics, as The New York Times motto puts it, â€Å"without fear or favor.† But that doesn’t mean reporters can write anything they want. Rumor, innuendo, and gossip are things hard-news reporters generally avoid (as opposed to reporters on the celebrity beat). Most importantly, reporters do not have the right to libel the people they write about. In other words, with great freedom comes great responsibility. Libel law is where the press freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment meet the requirements of responsible journalism. What Is Libel? Libel is published defamation of character, as opposed to spoken defamation of character, which is slander. Libel: Exposes a person to hatred, shame, disgrace, contempt or ridicule.Injures a person’s reputation or causes the person to be shunned or avoided.Injures the person in his or her occupation. Examples might include accusing someone of having committed a heinous crime, or of having a disease that might cause them to be shunned. Two other important points: Libel is by definition false. Anything that is provably true cannot be libelous.â€Å"Published† in this context simply means that the libelous statement is communicated to someone other than the person being libeled. That can mean anything from an article thats photocopied and distributed to just a few people to a story that appears in a newspaper with millions of subscribers. Defenses Against Libel There are several common defenses a reporter has against a libel lawsuit: Truth Since libel is by definition false, if a journalist reports something that is true it cannot be libelous, even if it damages a person’s reputation. Truth is the reporter’s best defense against a libel suit. The key is in doing solid reporting so that you can prove something is true.Privilege Accurate reports about official proceedings – anything from a murder trial to a city council meeting or a congressional hearing – cannot be libelous. This may seem like an odd defense, but imagine covering a murder trial without it. Conceivably, the reporter covering that trial could be sued for libel every time someone in the courtroom accused the defendant of murder.Fair Comment Criticism This defense covers expressions of opinion, everything from movie reviews to columns on the ops might include a rock critic ripping into the latest Beyonce CD, or a political columnist writing that she believes President Obama is doing a horrible job. Public Officials vs. Private Individuals In order to win a libel lawsuit, private individuals need only prove that an article about them was libelous and that it was published. But public officials – people who work in government at the local, state or federal level – have a tougher time winning libel lawsuits than private individuals. Public officials must not only prove that an article was libelous and that it was published; they must also prove it was published with something called â€Å"actual malice.† Actual malice means that: The story was published with the knowledge that it was false.The story was published with reckless disregard of whether or not it was false. Times vs. Sullivan This interpretation of libel law comes from the 1964 U.S. Supreme Court ruling Times vs. Sullivan. In Times vs. Sullivan, the court said that making it too easy for government officials to win libel suits would have a chilling effect on the press and its ability to aggressively report on the important issues of the day. Since Times vs. Sullivan, the use of the â€Å"actual malice† standard to prove libel has been expanded from just public officials to public figures, which basically means anyone who is in the public eye. Put simply, politicians, celebrities, sports stars, high-profile corporate executives and the like all must meet the â€Å"actual malice† requirement in order to win a libel suit. For journalists, the best way to avoid a libel suit is to do responsible reporting. Don’t be shy about investigating wrongdoing committed by powerful people, agencies, and institutions, but make sure you have the facts to back up what you say. Most libel lawsuits are the result of careless reporting.

Descriptive Statistics in Research Domains Essay - 1

Descriptive Statistics in Research Domains - Essay Example In the simplest terms, the mean represents the average of a group of data and is the most widely used descriptive statistic since further statistical analysis tends to depend on the mean and its variance (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010). The research under analysis examined the medical home model for its robustness as a predictor of â€Å"decreased utilization of health services and increased patient satisfaction† (Cooley, McAllister, Sherrieb, & Kuhlthau, 2009). Data was collected through 43 differentiated care practices that were being implemented under 7 different medical home model regimes in 5 different states in the United States. The overall sample set consisted of 42 children though most children were affected by more than one condition including chronic medical problems. The study is more exploratory than experimental since it seeks to establish the efficacy of an already implemented medical care system. The Medical Health Index (MHI) was utilized to measure the â€Å"medical homeness† of each medical home concept model (Cooley, McAllister, Sherrieb, & Kuhlthau, 2009). The research investigated various independent variables such as organizational capacity, condition management, care coordinatio n etc. in order to measure the MHI for each model. It was found that a higher MHI signified a more effective medical home concept model. Overall the study was easy to read and the assumptions were clearly spelt out to aid understanding. The mean is typically utilized in conjunction with the standard deviation to express the conformance of data to a centralized average. The internal validity of data can be established if the collected data tends to exhibit with a mean with a low standard deviation (Creswell, 2009). The mean was employed throughout the research being analysed for describing the total outcome for various variables and correlation levels. The mean for a particular variable is calculated by using the overall sample set and calculating its average.  

CASE STUDY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Case Study Example DIAD V will be smaller in size as compared to DIAD IV; automatic jumping between cellular networks and this will enable DIAD V to provide high rate of connectivity; WI-FI support for faster data transfer rates (Anonymous p.592). Further, the new DIAD V will have color, autofocus flash camera that will enable drivers to scan bar codes and capture signatures for delivery; processor that will increase storage; and color display for GPS support navigation (Anonymous p.592). Development of technology by any company depends on numerous factors. However, the critical among these factors is the amount of resources the company has to channel to the technology and the business and customer needs the technology will meet. Given these two big factors, it can be deduced that shipping industry is very dynamic and customer and employee needs can be regarded to be fluid. Therefore, designing its own technology, UPS is able to tailor-make technology that resonate with both organizational needs, available resources and customer needs and also that has room for modification in future as the needs in the market change. Globalization is exerting pressure on businesses to adapt information management systems that are efficient, cost-effective and that result into customer satisfaction. As a result, UPS as a shipping company has become a leader in technology and innovation as a way of improving customer services, leveraging competitive advantage over its competitors, and minimizing costs of doing business. The company created a program known as My SHC Community Customers of Sears and Kmart (Anonymous p.636). Members were encouraged to become part of something new, which also was different. The program facilitated online interactive community, where members were supposed to give their views and opinions on what they wanted (Anonymous p.636). As

Nelson Mandela Essay Example for Free

Nelson Mandela Essay Nelson Mandela was a man of honor. A man who sacrificed his life for the betterment of others. He was born July 18, 1918 in South Africa. He grew up in a segregated country. He later became an activist against apartheid. He protested and paraded the country. He got arrested and spends the next 27 years in prison. He still did not give up the fight against apartheid. After getting out of prison he became the first democratic elected president of South Africa from 1991 to 1997. After his presidency he created several nonprofit organizations to help and make South Africa better. Nelson Mandela was a man who doesnt care what people say or think about him. He always does what he thinks is right even when the majority disagrees with him he still goes on doing what he thinks is best. When he started fighting to end apartheid, he knew that he was sacrificing his life. He knew that his life was shortened. That death was near, but he doesnt care because he knows that his sacrifice will pay off eventually. Nelson Mandela was born in South Africa. All through his childhood, living in South Africa as a black man was brutal because of the apartheid. There was different school for black children. Restaurants were segregated, maids were used as slaves. Growing up, the rule at that time was that at 6 pm, a siren would sound, which meant that no black people were allowed on the streets after that time. If they are caught by the police they had to show prove of identity. If they couldn’t produce this, they were arrested and put in jail. Black South Africans owned noting during that era. No houses, no cars and they weren’t allowed to have accounts of any kind. Even at the mall there were different bathrooms for white people. Park benches were segregated public water fountains were segregated. Almost everything starting from the public transit to owning an apartment was separated between whites and blacks in South Africa. In 1961, Nelson Mandela became leader of the armed wing branch of government. He protested all over the country, sabotaging the apartheid government. Since the non-violent way of trying to end apartheid is not working, he devices a plan which call to destroying several government buildings. Such as, the post office, the police station and other government offices. It worked great until citizens started getting killed in the buildings. The police arrested him on numerous occasions, with no solid evidence they let him go. Finally they arrested him for treason and sabotaging the government. After getting arrested he was sentenced to 27years in prison. In the winter of 1964, Nelson Mandela arrived on Robben Island where he would spend 18 years of his 27 years prison sentence. Put in a small cell, with no bed, just a bucket for a toilet, he was forced to do hard labor in a quarry. He was granted one visitor a year for 30 minutes. He could write and receive one letter every six months. But Robben Island became the place, which transformed him. Through his intelligence, charm and relentless pursuit, Mandela eventually controlled even the most brutal prison officers to his will. He gained leadership over his prison mates and became the head of his own prison.

Nathaniel Hawthorne :: essays research papers

Nathaniel Hawthorne The 19th century had many great achievements happen within its 100-year time period. From the building of the Erie Canal, to the steel plow being invented. From the invention of the telegraph, to Thomas Edison creating the first light bulb. While all of these inventions have stood the test of time, one has lasted just as long; the inspiring tales a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1804. His name by birth was Nathaniel Hawthorne. He added the w to his name when he began to sign his stories. ("Nathaniel Hawthorne" American Writers II) One of Hawthorne’s ancestors was actually a judge in the Salem witch trials. The guilt and shame Hawthorne felt of his ancestors were included in some of his stories. (McGraw Hill, pg.67) Hawthorne’s father was a sea captain. He died of fever when Hawthorne was only four. Shortly after his father’s death, his mother was forced to move her three children into her parent’s home and then into her brother’s home in Maine. Hawthorne’s childhood was not particularly abnormal, as many famous authors have claimed to have. Hawthorne attended Bowdoin College and graduated after four years. After graduation, he returned to Salem. Contrary to his family’s expectations, Hawthorne did not begin to read law or enter business, rather he moved into his mother’s house to turn himself into a writer. Hawthorne wrote his mother, "I do not want to be a doctor and live by men’s diseases, nor a minister to live by their sins, nor a lawyer and live by their quarrels. So, I don’t see that there is anything left for me but to be an author." (" American Writers II, pg. 227) For the next twelve years Hawthorne lived in his mother’s house. He Seldemly went out except late at night, or when going to another city. " I had read endlessly all sorts of good and good for nothing boo ks, and in dearth of other employment, had early begun to scribble sketches and stories, most of which I burned." Reflected Hawthorne. (McGraw Hill, pg.68) Hawthorne’s first novel, Fanshawe, was published anonymously in 1828 at his own expense. Because of a lack of sales, Hawthorne recalled every copy he could find of the book and destroyed them. When a local printer delayed publishing his Seven Tales of My Native Land, Hawthorne withdrew the manuscript and burned it " in a mood half-savage, half-despairing.

Growing telecommunication in society Essay

It is clear that growing telecommunication will help increase the effectiveness of business. Some consulting companies can do not need to hire office, to buy expensive equipment. People can stay at home to do your business. they don’t need to strictly come to the office. This is much more convenient than ever before. However life is harder. People both yough and old seem to stick to their computer all the time for their work or and for their entertainment. It is true that there are so many things in a computer. People can explore a lot of things. They can easily contact with a friend far away by email, they can know what is happening and even they can go to the market though Internet and there are many other services in the Internet that I cannot count. But the problem is that some people are now addicted to computers and they lose other habits in life. People become stricter because face to face communication is increasingly dwindling. They spend less time to enjoy the beauty of the nature which is very beautiful with alive scenes with sunshine, with fresh air and a variety of things. As a result, human emotion is also reducing. People are not developed fully in mental and physical strength. In addition, as shown recently by research of scientists , sitting in front of computers for long time will affect people’ health. The eye is seriously affected. The number of myopic people is increasing. Sitting in a place also makes people feel tired and stressed. Beside, the whole society seem to be running in a strict mechanism which is facilitated by the computer system. If there appear a problem, this system will collapse rapidly. It can be easily seen many cases of computer hacking which cause great damage to the society and business, for example the virus † love† , originated in the Philippines caused great damage on the global scale in the United States and in south east Asia. The power of the damage is very strong.

The Etiology of Intellectual Disabilities and Autism

Genetics seems to be an important factor, as the sibling rate for the core syndrome falls at about 5% while the autism spectrum disorder is probably around Twin studies have shown concordance rates of 60-89% in minimization twins and under 5% in dogmatic twins, which suggests a heritability of close to 100% in cases that aren't affiliated with specific medical disorders(Gilbert). Some aberrant or variant genes may yet be implicated, examples including neurologist and glutamate genes(Gilbert). It is likely that there is a large mount of genes, more than 30, involved in the increase of susceptibility for autism spectrum disorders(Gilbert). T is now known that defined mutations, genetic syndromes, and De novo copy number variations (primarily deletions) make up 10-20% of Autism Spectrum Disorders(l_cavalier). Proportional portions of the brain are also often dysfunctional in autism and abnormalities in the in the magical and cerebellum are often present(Gilbert). In addition, unchalleng eable is over-represented in autism, more specifically in those with IIS succeeding 70(Glibber). Other abnormalities include hypothermia's in the blood, dopamine and endorphin dysfunction, and excess of gall fritillary acidic protein in the cerebration's fluid(Gibber).Without any known genetic predisposition certain acquired brain lesions can cause autism, although some studies indicate interaction with autism susceptibility genes may be occurring. It is difficult to say what can be done to prevent autism(Gilbert). No known drugs are known to have a substantial effect on the outcome of autism and despite what Jenny McCarthy pushes, vaccinations do not cause autism. Until the causes of autism are discovered it is unlikely we will ever know for a certainty how to prevent it.People with autism are often no stranger to neurophysiology deficits, more specifically executive function deficits. Some of these executive function deficits include poor planning ability, low motivational level, difficulty with time concepts, difficulty â€Å"maintaining†, difficulties with empathy, difficulty grasping the â€Å"theory of mind†, decreased drive for central coherence(Gilbert). People given a diagnosis of childhood autism also fall into the low range of IQ, at below 80(Glibber). Those with Speaker's Syndrome usually boast an IQ above that typically seen in autism, usually above 70(Glibber).The etiology of intellectual disability is also difficult to pinpoint, due to the fact that in approximately half the cases of intellectual disability the cause is unknown (McDermott). The etiology is defined as † a multicultural construct composed of four categories of risk factors; biomedical, social, behavioral and educational, that exist across time, including the across the life of the individual and across generations from parent to Genetic actors such as those associated with Down Syndrome can be highly associated but not necessarily viewed as casual (McDermott).A lgorithms have been suggested for the evaluation of the individuals relying on family history, physical findings, and neurological functioning (McDermott). Some diagnostic techniques include chromosome micro-dissection, fluorescence in situ habitations and more. Other potential causes include telemetric rearrangements/chromosomal anomalies for different forms of intellectual disabilities (often Down Syndrome), tourism in 95% of the cases of DownSyndrome, mutations in sex-linked single genes in Fragile X/Williams Syndrome/ Parade-Will Syndrome, neural tube defects in spinal biffed, head trauma later in life, and many (McDermott). Mothers and newborns should avoid infections, head trauma, harmful chemical and compounds, alcohol, environmental chemicals and food/drink deprivation in order to prevent intellectual disability(McDermott). Beyond this, much about intellectual disability is unknown and thus, is hard to prevent. 2. Discuss the role of IQ and adaptive behavior in both intellec tual capabilities and autism.Two defining characteristics of autism and intellectual disability are deficits in IQ (not in Espaliers however) and adaptive behavior. The PAP describes adaptive behavior in terms of individual performance in relation to person environment interactions and includes it with social skills and peer acceptance as a component Of social competence(Forthwith-Duffy). Usually, the common definition of mental retardation implies that intelligence and adaptive behavior are distinct and not overlapping constructs(Forthwith- Duffy).Three dimensions of adaptive behavior are expressed by observable, practical, conceptual and social skills(Forthwith-Duffy). For quite some time IQ was the only criterion given consideration in intellectual disability diagnosis(Forthwith-Duffy). Studies have demonstrated that individuals with both intellectual disability and autism demonstrate significantly more impairments in adaptive behavior as opposed to someone with just one(Lacerati ve).Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders and those with intellectual disabilities seem to demonstrate different adaptive behavior profiles. Those with intellectual disability demonstrated a â€Å"flat† profile, indicating consistent scores(Lacerative). The autistic groups (verbal and non- verbal respectively), however, had a more scattered score (meaning more variance) with the non verbal group scoring lowest in communication and the verbal group scoring lowest in colonization(l_cavalier). Adaptive behavior scales often undertake adaptive behavior and maladaptive behavior.In the last 20 years there have been many developments in asymmetrically valid adaptive behavior scales, some boasting a reliability of . 90(Forthwith-Duffy). Adaptive behavior is Often defined in terms Of its relationship to cultural expectations and environment. A succinct way of delineating the differences between IQ and adaptive behavior is defining an intelligence test as something that measures p erformance or what an individual â€Å"can do† and adaptive behavior scales report what an individual â€Å"does Duffy).Four categories of intellectual disability are named depending on IQ score. With an IQ of 55-69 the designation is â€Å"mild†, with an IQ of 40-54 the designation is â€Å"moderate†, with an IQ of 25-39 the designation is â€Å"severe† and tit an IQ below 25 the designation is unfortunately, public school data on intellectual disability is unreliable due to intelligence tests not be administered universally (McDermott). It has been recognized for quite some time that an IQ of above 70 is one of the strongest predictors of a good outcome in autism.Individuals who have autism and an IQ of under 70 usually have to attend specialist autism classrooms. People given a diagnosis of childhood autism also tend to end up in the low range of IQ, at below 80(Gilbert). Those with Speaker's Syndrome usually have a Geiger IQ than that typically seen in autism, usually above 70(Gilbert). As I noted before there IQ often determines their classroom environment which determines part of their habits of colonization. In Bear (2004), the author replies to queries by lava. N. Years about various 3. Specs of the education of children with autism and developmental disabilities. In his responses, inferences to constitutional principles, core principles, and public policy can be drawn. What are the constitutional principles, core principles and public policies that might be related to the Bear 2004) replies to the layovers? Describe and explain how they are related to the educational issues discussed in the letters. Beginning in the asses, the disability-rights revolution introduced a new era of public policy, core principles and constitutional principles(Turnbuckle).PARA v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Mills v. D. C. Board of Education guaranteed a right to education. Next, came Wyatt v. Stickiness which guaranteed a right to treatmen t(Turnbuckle). These three cases would prove to be landmarks in the disability-rights revolution, influencing decisions to this very day. This is demonstrated by Donald Bear nicely. According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act every child with a disability is promised a â€Å"free and appropriate public education†(Bear 2005).As the most studied and best refined method of teaching for Autism, Applied Behavior Analysis should be indebted to the individual by his constitutional rights. ABA has has 1 well controlled clinical trial as well as 4 other controlled trials. This is combined with the 500 or so studies that have been done on ABA 200 of which had a convincing experimental design(Bear 2005). ABA is the only theology that can promise Autistic persons an approximately 50% chance for an independent adult life(Bear 2005). Unfortunately, very few U.S centers offer effective ABA to children with autism with adequate federal or state agency funding(Bear 2005). In accordance with the Board of Education v. Rowley case which guaranteed disabled individuals the right to a free, appropriate individualized and beneficial education in the least restrictive environment, ABA should be offered at all school with students who are disabled(Turning). In ABA the highest priority is communication skills allowed by social skills, followed by self-care skills and finally, followed by intellectual skills.This order is rarely followed in schools without ABA- The effectiveness of ABA depends on analysis and thus, teachers with minimal training are thereby inadequate(Bear 2005). When individuals are guaranteed an individualized and beneficial education it is more than implied that they receive the most efficacious treatment, which in this case is ABA. Applied Behavior Analysts have been developing language and communication skills in children with severe developmental delays for over 30 years(Bear 2005).

Free Essays on Obedience

Rewards and Punishments Through Obedience and Conformity Throughout history, mankind has been acutely aware of the innate response that comes in the form of obedience. From the impetuous child who acquiesces to the power of an austere mother, to the lackadaisical indifference that Hitler’s SS soldiers exhibited while participating in the massacre of an entire town, obedience strikes in forms that can be as trivial as cleaning one’s room after a stern scolding- to as horrific as following the command to decapitate a Jewish infant. In the essays, â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure†, by Solomon Asch, and â€Å"The Perils of Obedience†, by Stanley Milgram, two psychologists from separate institutions and times carry out a series of experiments that test obedience and conformity. The results of these experiments proved that while these levels of obedience and conformity vary from one individual to the next, obedience and conformity are directly correlated with Carl Roger’s Humanistic Perspective of rewards and punishment. In a lifetime, an individual will often come across a group that opposes his/her views strongly. Sometimes, this individual will conform to the group’s beliefs- despite whether or not he/she believes in them. Such conformity is an unconscious display of obedience to society, in order to gain approval as a form of reward. In â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure†, Solomon Asch, a social psychologist at Rutgers University, explains the series of experiments that he conducted in order to test an individual’s ability- or in some cases- inability to conform to contrasting beliefs of a group. In his experiment, a group of seven to nine young men attend what they think is an experiment in visual judgment. They are shown two cards- card A has one long line on it, and card B has the same line paired with two extremely contrasting lines. This group is then told to tell the experimenter which line on card B is the same a... Free Essays on Obedience Free Essays on Obedience Rewards and Punishments Through Obedience and Conformity Throughout history, mankind has been acutely aware of the innate response that comes in the form of obedience. From the impetuous child who acquiesces to the power of an austere mother, to the lackadaisical indifference that Hitler’s SS soldiers exhibited while participating in the massacre of an entire town, obedience strikes in forms that can be as trivial as cleaning one’s room after a stern scolding- to as horrific as following the command to decapitate a Jewish infant. In the essays, â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure†, by Solomon Asch, and â€Å"The Perils of Obedience†, by Stanley Milgram, two psychologists from separate institutions and times carry out a series of experiments that test obedience and conformity. The results of these experiments proved that while these levels of obedience and conformity vary from one individual to the next, obedience and conformity are directly correlated with Carl Roger’s Humanistic Perspective of rewards and punishment. In a lifetime, an individual will often come across a group that opposes his/her views strongly. Sometimes, this individual will conform to the group’s beliefs- despite whether or not he/she believes in them. Such conformity is an unconscious display of obedience to society, in order to gain approval as a form of reward. In â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure†, Solomon Asch, a social psychologist at Rutgers University, explains the series of experiments that he conducted in order to test an individual’s ability- or in some cases- inability to conform to contrasting beliefs of a group. In his experiment, a group of seven to nine young men attend what they think is an experiment in visual judgment. They are shown two cards- card A has one long line on it, and card B has the same line paired with two extremely contrasting lines. This group is then told to tell the experimenter which line on card B is the same a...

Aspects of Weston village and HCBD problems

Aspects of Weston village and HCBD problems The ICI chemical plant at Runcorn has been landfilling its unwanted waste by products in the disused quarries in the village of Weston in Cheshire. These by products were the result of the production of a variety of chemical products including polyvinyl chemicals, chlorinated alkanes, chlorinated naphthalene, and many more solvents. However, over the last decade high concentrations of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) have been measured close to and inside a number of residences within close proximity to the site. A major concern is that this chemical is not manufactured commercially, meaning that that the presence must be from the landfill. Further investigation into several boreholes revealed that HCBD vapour concentrations were high. The use of these quarries stopped in the mid 1970’s, thus meaning the site was capped and landscaped to fit back in with the environment around it. HCBD HCBD is a man made chemical, which is colourless, oily and does not dissolve in water. This chemical is toxic to aquatic organism and plants, and tends to accumulate and persist in soils and water. This means that it could have global scale environmental effects. Hexachlorobutadiene occur as a by-product during the chlorinolysis of butane in the production of tetrachloride and tetrachloroethene (Berndt and Mehendale, 1979). These two commodities are manufactured on such a large scale that the amount of HCBD can be produced on industrial demand. Toxicity According to the EPA IRIS report the oral slope factor is 7.8 x10 -2 per mg/kg-day (EPA IRIS, 2002). An oral slope factor is used to estimate the risk of cancer with exposure to a carcinogenic, in this case HCBD was tested. It uses a 95% confidence limit for the increased cancer risk from a lifetime of exposure to HCBD via ingestion or inhalation. This estimation uses the units of mg per substance, kg of body weight, per day. The drinking water unit risk is 2.2 x10 -6 per  µg/L, this means level of HCBD in drinking water where the level is dangerous to consume (EPA IRIS, 2018). The quantitative estimation of the carcinogenic risk from inhalation exposure is 2.2 x10 -5 per  µg/m3. Concerns over HCBD relate to limited toxicological studies that show that this chemical is a probable human carcinogen as well as a systemic toxin, being probable to cause liver damage if exposed to humans. Studies on rats have shown high levels of HCBD to cause kidney cancer, although this has yet to be proven within humans. Kociba et al. (1997) found from studies on the rats, the tumour’s to be located in the urinary, this does not differ for either oral exposure or inhalation. Fish species and crustaceans have been found to be the most sensitive, 96-h LC50 values ranging from 0.032 to 1.2 and 0.09 to approximately 1.7 mg l -1 for crustaceans and fish respectively (Toxic substance profile, 2018). Exposure assessment: CalTOX The purpose of this assessment is to undertake a risk assessment on HCBD through relevant toxicological information and applying a multi-media, fate and toxic assessment model (CalTOX) to the Weston site. This model was developed for the Californian EPA for specific use in assessing the human risk through exposure to organic chemicals in environmental media from contaminated landfill sites (McKone, 1993). This model was created using both Excel/Visual Basic and incorporates a dynamic Level III fugacity model to distribute the chemical into 8 environmental compartments and to determine concentrations in soil, air, water (surface and groundwater) as well as plants/crops. A human risk characterisation pathways model is also incorporated within CalTOX to determine human doses for the various pathways of exposure (McKone, 1993). Pathways The exact quantities of HCBD are unknown, however as part of ICI â€Å"Project Pathway† an assessment into the industrial activity around Weston village. This used borehole data and over 2000 indoor air measurements. This occurred in 1993 and was a voluntary assessment of the legacy of almost 200 years of industry. The aim of the project pathway was to explore whether the industrial activity posed an unacceptable risk to people or the environment (Barnes et al., 2002). The Western Quarries are located on a Triassic sandstone, with a depth of 30m below the surface. The ground water level at the quarry 70m. The last quarrying action stopped in the 1900’s but since then it has been for dispersal of industrial and chemical waste. The data provided from the initial assessment, such as geology, contaminants, migration pathway and sources, helped to review the site. This review found that subsurface vapour transport of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons through the relative air-permeable vadose zone in the sandstone as a potentially significant contaminant mitigation pathway (Moss, 2004). Due to this finding, a plan was implemented to assess the significance of this potential contaminant migration pathway. This plan involved installing a network of vapour monitoring wells around the North and South Quarry between the source area and the potentially affected houses. These monitoring stations found hexachlorobutadiene concentrations, these have raised concern over the potential to affect indoor air in the surrounding properties. Dose Data In the following years, a more comprehensive study was undertaken by the Building Research Establishment (BRE), this involved screening 390 properties over 15 months (Moss, 2004). They indoor air value has a guideline if 0.6 ppbv (Parts per billion by volume) for HCBD levels (Barnes et al., 2002). The tests found a total of 29 properties that exceeded this level. All of these houses were adjacent to the quarry. From these findings, the release of HCBD from the quarry is at a dangerous level, action must be taken to prevent human life being put at risk. Risk Assessment: Cancer HCBD has been found to be a carcinogen, studies on rats have proven that the chemical does cause cancer in high doses (Berndt and Mehendale, 1979). This has yet to be proven on humans. Using the cancer potency information taken from the EPA IRIS database, the probability for the additional cancer risk through exposure to HCBD has been calculated at 6.0E-4 (6.010-4). The equation to calculate this reads: P(d) = q * d The P(d) is the lifetime probability of developing cancer, d is the dose (mg/kg per day), q is the slope potency factor (mg/kg per day)-1. The odds of gaining cancer through exposure to any chemical need to be below one in a million. As proven by this equation the conservative low-dose cancer probability is 6.0E-4. This is way above the one in a million, meaning exposure to this chemical is too high of a risk of causing cancer. From this it shows that something must be done to more humans away from the site. As HCBD was found at the quarry and within the air in and around the houses, some action must be taken as it is not safe to live there. Hazard From the CalTOX model a hazard index can be produced. This uses the Exposure dose over the tolerable daily intake. If this value is greater than one, there is an unacceptable risk. From this a hazard index number is calculated, for this exposure it is 7.4 E (7.410). The value of 7.4 E is very high, proving some action needs to be taken. What could be done? As proven by the results the hazard and cancer risk is too high to have no intervention at this site. Something must be done to either stop the outbreak and/or remove residents from living near the quarry. The ICI have many options to try and resolve this problem, however some have concerns over effectiveness and expensiveness of the methods. The first method is to remove the source of the HCBD. This would involve excavating the site, pulling up all the landfill and removing it to a secure location where it can be destroyed or dealt with. This method would ensure no more HCBD and other dangerous chemicals would be released around the quarry (Poblete et al., 2011). This method is useful as the source has been removed, so there would be no new production. However, this will be a large-scale project, that will take months to years to complete. This would cause major disruption to the town with heavy traffic and noisy work. On top of this, it would be the most expensive method. Another method that could be considered is trying to contain the site. This method would involve re-capping the site, by removing what is already there and putting a new layer on. There are three steps to this, a top layer of soil and vegetation, the second is a drainage layer and the third is a low permeable layer (Rittmann et al., 1996; Raghab et al., 2013). This is typically made of synthetic material covering a few feet of compacted clay. The main benefit of this is that no more chemicals would be allowed to escape into the surrounding area. This would also make the local properties livable again after the HCBD has been removed from the air. A problem with this method is that it could become quite expensive and has the potential to cause minor disruption. The effectiveness of this is also questioned, as typically when landfill sites are capped they should be contained and as proven at Weston it does not always work. A method that should be considered is to capture the HCBD released. Siwajek et al. (1998) studied the recovery of gas at landfill sites. This was done for both methane and carbon dioxide, however it’s still unsure if this could be done for HCBD. As stated by Siwajek et al. (1998) this method would require the installation of pipe work all around the site and has the potential to be expensive. A third option is to relocate and rehouse the local residents and demolish the houses. This would mean that residents would not be at risk. However, this would not be favorable to local residents. Management of HCBD risk in Weston The recommendations going forward would be to prevent the further release of HCBD and any other chemicals. This would best be done via containment, if plausible at this site. This would mean that local residents would be able to stay. However, it could be for the best if the house that recorded unsafe levels of HCBD be demolished or evacuated until safe to return. On top of this, a plan should be put in place for healthcare to local residents that were/could have been at risk of ingestion of HCBD. The uncertainties within this approach is the effectiveness of the containment and the potential for future leakage as the source is still nearby. To counter these a safe radius around the site should be erected with any houses within this demolished and the residents rehomed. When resealing the site, an alternative cover type could be used such as asphalt or a bioengineered management cover, however the most effective for preventing further release should be used. Model suitability and validation Like any model, the results are not always accurate, however they are very useful. This is especially true when predicting future outcome. They are also valuable when testing something potentially dangerous, such as the exposure of chemicals. The CalTOX model used was useful as many parameters can be inputted into the model. This is especially true for the landscape as biological, aquatic and soils based properties can be altered (Bonnard, 2006). One advantage of the model is the speed, the model can be changed and run in minutes (Hurtwich, 2000). To make any alteration, the whole model does not have to be run again, this is the advantage of the model being simulated in Excels. However, there are some disadvantages with using the CalTOX model. This includes the uncertainty and sensitivity to the parameters, this also raises questions over the accurate meaning given to the parameters concerning their actual use in the equations (Bonnard, 2006). As much of an advantage having lots of parameters is, it can also be a problem. This is shown if there is a lack of scientific data for many of the limits, the model cannot be run to full potential. To complete the spreadsheet a lot of data collection would be needed. What did happen at Weston village? As the results from the Building Research Establishment were over 0.6 ppbv in 29 houses adjacent to the quarry, it was determined the best course of action was to demolish the houses. This meant there would be no future risk as the land is uninhabitable, and the quickest solution (Barnes et al., 2005). Conclusion The quarry site around Weston village has leaked the carcinogenic chemical HCBD. From inputting the details of this exposure into the CalTOX model, it assessed the human risk to HCBD. From this it was determined the chemical was unsafe and too much of a hazard to allow it to be inhaled. To prevent future incidents, a recommendation to re-contain the site to prevent the further release of HCBD and other chemicals. This method would cause disruption to the local community and force some residents out of their homes, however this seems the best method going forward. Comparing this to the actual outcome, less houses would be demolished and the continued leakage of chemicals out of the quarry would be stopped. However, this would be more expensive and potentially time consuming.

Executive Summary (Benchmark Assessment) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Executive Summary (Benchmark Assessment) - Essay Example The project will engage public health agencies and the public towards the achievement of the national goals for preventing and treating heart diseases and stroke through the next two decades (Velu & Lip, 2011). Heart diseases and stroke are among the leading causes of death in America today. They are also among the leading causes of disability meaning that they cost the country so much in terms of treatment and control and could cost more in the future if steps are not taken to address the problem. Therefore, this project will be a step and a vision towards contributing to the steps to combat the dangers of heart diseases and stroke in the country (Velu & Lip, 2011). The project targets both the adult and teenage populations. Adults are more affected by heart diseases and stroke. It has been estimated that every 37 seconds, an adult person in the US dies because of a heart related condition. This is a high rate of death caused by heart diseases. Today, the lifestyles adopted by teenagers in the US has also put them at risk of developing heart conditions and stroke early in their lives. For example, teenagers smoke, do not exercise, take alcohol and eat foods with high calories. This has seen more teenagers develop heart conditions over the years on top of the fact that some of them are at risk because of their genetic makeup (Heidenreich, et.al. 2011). Therefore, the project will target adults and teenagers to ensure that the two groups receive information and the care needed to ensure that their risk of developing heart diseases and stroke is significantly reduced and that they have a prolonged life and also can lead healthy lives (Ustrell & Pe llisà ©, 2010). The focus in the two groups has been informed by the rate of heart diseases and stoke recorded in them, which calls for immediate attention to ensure that the problem does not get worse than it is. The

Women's Equality in Pay Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women's Equality in Pay - Term Paper Example Within 10 years following that decision, equal rights were extended to individuals of all races and America changed for the better. However, more than a century after Brown v. Board of Education, the United States is still dealing with the effects of discriminatory practices, particularly in the world place. Equal Opportunity Employment legislation has paved the way for minorities to take up occupations that were, for centuries, closed off. Payments still exist in these positions, especially for women, who are still paid only 77 cents for every dollar that a man in the same position receives (Campbell, 1972). Scientists, commentators, and economists are quick to offer a rationalization for this phenomenon; nevertheless, it is a discrimination that Americans have ignored for many years. Although the pay gap is slowly lessening, progress has been slow, even with federal legislation mandating equal pay regardless of gender. The early 20th century was a time of great strides for women, a s they gained the right to suffrage, gained the right to serve in the military, and overcame the oppressive clothing norms of the past centuries. In addition, that time saw great increases in the number of women going to work. During World War II, women were called on to fill the domestic roles of men outside of the home in order to maintain a working economy. This time was instrumental in creating a strong representation of women in the American workforce. A vast number of women are employed in order to support their family, which is a strong change from the two-parent, father-working model of mid-20th century America (Campbell, 1972). Today, the primary breadwinner is not a man but a woman and a man, depending on the structure of a particular family. In order to address inequity in the pay of women versus men, the United States Congress passed the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which abolished and changed portions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The intent of the legislation was to elimi nate wage discrimination based on sex. The political context of this new law was President’s John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier, which sought to establish a broad base of social programs in order to help Americans succeed and reach new heights. Congress acknowledged this view by denouncing pay discrimination as a burden on America’s economic resources and a practice that promotes unequal competition in the marketplace (Campbell, 1972). Indeed, the legislation helped decrease the wage disparity by nearly 20 cents per dollar. Nevertheless, the goals of the Equal Pay Act seem to have been too ambitious, reflected in the fact that the wage disparity has not been completely erased. The EPA does give women recourse in challenging the wages they are paid relative to men in court; if an employee can prove that wage discrimination has occurred, they can seek damages. To resolve the remaining wage gap that exists, politicians attempted to pass the Paycheck Fairness Act in 201 0. However, the bill failed when it reached the Senate. The PFA would have allowed employees to be able to disclose their wages to coworkers and required employers to justify wage differences in terms of business requirements. Although this legislation might have helped women access this information in a fair, open process and request the pay that they deserve based on the work they do, the legislation did not pass by a vote of 58 to 41. Conservative groups opposed the measure on the basis that it would cause â€Å"government micromanaging of business† and that civil courts would be overburdened with trials based on PFA regulations (Sherk, 2010). It is possible that the Paycheck Fair

The Outside of the Solar System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Outside of the Solar System - Essay Example M91 has long been considered as a â€Å"missing† object and astronomers and historians hypothesized that it might be the NGC 4571, a passing comet, or a duplicate observation of M58. It was William C. Williams, an amateur astronomer from Texas, who found out that NGC 4548 fit Messier’s description and position for M91 and should be applied for M88 and not for M58 (French, 57).  In addition, galaxies such as NGC 4516, IC 3476, and NGC 4571, were also described in the article. NGC 4516 is a little galaxy which is located 8’ north of an imaginary line connecting M88 and M91. It has a very small glow elongated north-south and a small core with a distinct nucleus at the center of a shallow S curve. IC 3476 is an intriguing galaxy that rests 4.4†² east of the northern star, displays a lumpy brightness distribution and peculiar shape, and a relatively large, blotchy, bright area wide end. It surprised astronomers with a super nova in 1970 and has been assigned a morphological type of IB(s)m (French, 58). Lastly, NGC 4571 is a SA(r)c-type galaxy which rests on 28†² southeast of M91 and appears roundish with a small brighter core. All of these galaxies rests on the core of the Virgo cluster and are some of the reasons why heavens are sparkling with amazements.  The article summarized above relates to the Astronomy Course Content in terms of studying how far the stars or galaxies are, description of stellar nurseries, and exploring other galaxies aside from the Milky Way. One would have noticed that distances were stated in the article.